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Lesson 1N5Genki I

New Friends — X は Y です

1
N は N ですA is B
です / copula

は marks the topic; です is a polite “is/are”. “[Topic] は [what it is] です.”

わたし マイク・ミラーです

I am Mike Miller.

ミラーさん 会社員です

ミラーさんは かいしゃいんです。

Mr Miller is a company employee.

は (written は but pronounced “wa” when it is the particle) marks the topic — the thing the sentence is about. です comes at the very end and works like “am / is / are”.

Japanese has no articles (a/the) and no separate verb “to be” before the noun — です alone does the job. Word order is fixed: topic first, です last.

  • です is polite, used in normal, respectful conversation.
  • The topic は is often dropped when it is obvious from context.
2
~です かYes/no questions with か
か particle

Add か to the end of a statement to turn it into a question. Word order does not change.

ミラーさんは 会社員です

ミラーさんは かいしゃいんですか。

Is Mr Miller a company employee?

ワンさんは 医者です。…はい、医者です。

ワンさんは いしゃですか。…はい、いしゃです。

Is Mr Wang a doctor? … Yes, he is.

サントスさんは 学生です。…いいえ、学生じゃ ありません。

サントスさんは がくせいですか。…いいえ、がくせいじゃ ありません。

Is Mr Santos a student? … No, he isn't.

あの方は どなたです

あのかたは どなたですか。

Who is that person? (polite)

Japanese forms questions simply by adding the particle か at the end — there is no need to invert the word order as in English.

The answer starts with はい (yes) or いいえ (no) and then repeats the predicate: はい、医者です / いいえ、医者じゃ ありません. There is no short “yes, he is” — the noun comes back, in the affirmative or the negative form.

  • どなた is a polite word for “who”; the plainer word is だれ.
  • In everyday speech the repeated noun is usually dropped in favour of はい、そうです / いいえ、ちがいます — lesson 2 covers そうです.
3
N1 の N2の — linking two nouns
の particle

の joins two nouns: N2 is the main word, N1 is extra information about it (belonging, group, type). “N1's N2 / N2 of N1”.

ミラーさんは IMC 社員です。

ミラーさんは IMCの しゃいんです。

Mr Miller is an employee of IMC.

わたしは 日本語 先生です。

わたしは にほんごの せんせいです。

I am a teacher of Japanese.

N2 is the main noun — the thing the phrase actually refers to. N1 is extra information that narrows it down: whose it is, which company or group it belongs to, what kind it is. IMCの 社員 is a 社員 (an employee); IMC only says which employee.

The order is fixed, and it is the reverse of English “of”: extra information + の + main noun. Whatever stands last is what the phrase is about.

4
今 N時 N分ですTelling the time
Time

Hours use 〜時, minutes use 〜分. 今 何時ですか = “What time is it now?”

今 910です。

いま くじじゅっぷんです。

It's 9:10 now.

Counters 時 (o'clock) and 分 (minute) attach to numbers. Several readings are irregular: 4時 = よじ, 9時 = くじ, and 分 becomes ぷん/ふん depending on the number.